The Burning Embers displays data in particularly alarming colours and words, to flag how risky global warming is. The Blue Banana aggregated data about the socio-economics of Europe and visualized it in a rough sketch of its location. Portraying the world in a different context. For example, the Blue Marble was zooming out of the world that had not been possible before. As do all sorts of symbols (numbers, metaphors), visuals synthesize, simplify, affirm, and are sticky: visualizations make you remember well a particular argument, pieces of knowledge, feelings, information (Keller & Keller, 1993). Second, these visualizations make selections in their representations. The examples illustrate, first of all, that visualizations in environmental policy and planning, range from freehand sketches to virtual reality tools (Al-Kodmany, 2002), and can be photographs, maps, diagrams, figures, tables, infographics, stills, artist impressions, cartoons, paintings, 3D, and 4D realities. Studies show how these embers have been adapted and contested over time (Mahony, 2015 McMahon et al., 2016 Wardekker & Lorenz, 2019). This diagram visualizes the risks coming from the heating up of the earth (see Figure 3) (Schellnhuber, 2010). Other examples of influential visualizations come from data-visualization, such as the diagram of the ‘Burning Embers’ from the IPCC report in 2001 (updated in 2009). A famous example is the synthesized map the ‘Blue Banana’ which is representing the main axis of socio-economic activities in Europe, see Figure 2 (Bouattou et al., 2017 Brunet, 1989). Other classic examples of influential visualizations in environmental policy and planning are maps and plans. Visualization is the representation of an object, situation or set of information in a diagram, photograph, or other sort of image, as well as forming a mental image. It is but one example of the importance of visualizations for environmental policy and planning. Up till today these together symbolize the increasing impact of the environmental movement and its uptake on political agendas across the world. Supposedly it is also one of the most wide-spread images across the globe (Wuebbles, 2012) that was produced in the same year as the influential Limits to Growth report (Club of Rome, 1972). It became a symbol of the vulnerability of the earth. The Blue Marble is one of the most influential photographs of the earth that the Apollo 17 crew took from the earth ( Figure 1). We can do this by (1) moving beyond a knowledge deficit model (2) pay more attention to the material dimensions of visualizations and their role in opening up spaces for cocreation, and (3) include the study of found images as these contain information on public sentiment, and are a form of public accountability. Based on the systematic review, three research lines are developed that aim to better take into account the challenges of a global and active public that through internet and social media is formed around environmental and planning issues. This review shows that over the last two decades, more and more studies have demonstrated that visualization plays a role in data-communication, influences decision making, public perception, public participation, and knowledge cocreation. The systematic review in this paper brings together 20 years of studies in visualization in environmental policy and planning. They have great impact on how we perceive environmental problems, their solutions, and if we consider policies legitimate. Visualizations are increasingly important for environmental policy and planning.
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